I an speak English. - -.
We must go now. - .
t b to, to have to.
7.1.2. (The Voice)
, , , - . .
( he Active Vic) , , :
Columbus discovered America in 1492. - 1492 .
( The Passive Voice ) , - , :
America was discovered by Columbus -
in 1492. 1492 .
7.1.3. (The M d)
, . , , : ( the Indicativ d ), ( Th Subjunctive Mood ) ( The Imperativ Mod ).
, , , :
Brazil produces good coffee. - .
The table is made of wood. - .
, , , - . () , . () . :
If we had waited to carry the - , -
canoe, time would have been ,
lost. ( ).
I wish you were here. - , .
( )
, , :
Write down your name, address - ,
and occupation here. .
Mind you, this is your last chance! - , .
7.1.4. (The spect)
: (, , ..) (, , ). , / . : - - , . .., , .
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see - have s en - to s, -. , (/), : , , ( the Indefinite, Simple, mmon st), ( thPerfct spt), , ( thntinuousAspct ) ( h Perfect Continuous Aspect).
:
I have read this book. - .
. , , :
Where are you going? | ? | |
What are you doing now? | ? | |
Take the kettle off the stove, the water is boiling. | , . |
( ) . - , , , . :
I have been waiting for you for two hours. - 2 .
The firemen have been trying to put out a - -
big forest fire in California.
.
/-: , , , ..
; - , . :
Did you read the book? | T ? | |
Have you read the book? | ? | |
Are you reading a book? | ? | |
Do you read books like these? | ? |
, , , , ( r sent), ( st) (Future). . , ( nse) ( ime) , (Aspe t). , 16 :
Time Aspect | Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous |
Present | write writes | am writing is/are writing / | have written has written | have been writing has been writing |
Past | wrote () | was/were writing / | had written () | had been writing () |
Future | shall write will write | shall be writing will be writing | shall have written will have written | shall have been writing will have been writing |
Future in the Past | should write would write | should be writing would be writing | should have written would have written | should have been writing would have been writing |
Future in the Past, , yo , (. 7.2.1.).
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7.2. : - (The Indicative Mood: Verb Tenses)
7.2.1. (Th Indefinite T ns s)
, , (, , ..).
7.2.1.1. ( he Present Indefinite
Tense)
r sent Indefinite . , 3- , r sent Indefinite , . 3- r sent Indefinite - s - s. , (. 1.2.).
Pres nt Indefinite:
- | - | ||||
. | 1 | I ask | I do not ask | Do I ask? | I do ask |
2 | You ask | You do not ask | Do you ask? | You do ask | |
3 | He She asks It | He does not She ask It | he Does she ask? it | He does She ask It | |
. | 1 | We ask | We do not ask | Do we ask? | We do ask |
2 | You ask | You do not ask | Do you ask? | You do ask | |
3 | They ask | They do not ask | Do they ask? | They do ask |
- , , -, , , :
I do see something. - - .
He does want you to come. , .
They do understand you, - ,
dear. .
3- r sent Indefinite :
1) to do, to say :
do [du:] does [dΛz]; say [sei] says [sez];
2) :
I can he can I ought she ought
I may he may I should she should
I must he must I would - she would
) t be to have res nt Indefinite .
t be:
- | - | - | |||||
. | 1 | I am | I am not | Am I? | I am | ||
2 | You are | You are not | Are you? | You are | |||
3 | He She is It | He She is not It | he? Is she? it? | He She is It | |||
| 1 | We are | We are not | Are we? | We are | ||
2 | You are | You are not | Are you? | You are | |||
3 | They are | They are not | Are they? | They are |
to have:
- | - | ||||
. | 1, 2 | I have You | I have You not | Have I, you? | I do You have |
3 | He She has It | He has She not It | he? Is she? it? | He She has It | |
. | 1,2,3 | We You have They | We have You not They | we Have you they? | We do You have They |
, to have , , . to have do r sent Indefinite ( ):
Br. E. I havent any books in English. -
Am. E. I dont have any books in English. .
to have (, , , ..), , :
Does he have coffee with hid breakfast? - ?
Do you have any difficulties getting - ?
there?
to have have got, have do:
I havent got any books. - .
. to have no not a/ not any:
I havent any books. = I havent got any books. = I have no books.
r sent Indefinite :
do not = dont | I have = Ive | I am = Im |
does not = doesnt | you have = youve | you are = youre |
have not = havent | we have = weve | we are = were |
has not = hasnt | they have = theyve | they are = theyre |
is not = isnt | he has = hes | he is = hes |
are not = arent | she has = shes | she is = shes |
do you = dyou | it has = its | he is = hes |
rsent Indefinite
r sent Indefinite , , . rsent Indefinite :
1) , c ; , .:
I usually get up at 6 sharp. - 6.
We go to school every day. - .
She often writes letters to him. - .
Pr sent Indefinite , , never, s ldom, rarely, sometimes :
I never go to bed before ten. - 10.
We seldom meet. - .
he t cher doesnt often give -
us much homework. .
I sometimes go for a swim in -
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our swimming pool. .
, , r sent Indefinite, , :
We have our dinner at 5 oclock. - () 3 .
I get up, wash and dress, have - , ,
my breakfast and go to school. .
2) :
The earth goes round the sun in -
24 hours. 24 .
Rockets fly faster than airplanes. - ,
.
3) , :
m speaks English very well. -
-.
is sister plays the piano. - .
Janes mother works on a farm. - .
Where do you live? - ?
4) , , , , , . , , , , , , , - , , , .. . :
) : t see - , to hear - , to notice - ;
) : t love - , to like - , to dislike - , , t respect - , to hate - , to adore - , to care for - , to detest - ..;
) : to want - , to wish - ;
) , , : to appreciate - , to suppose - , , to believe - , , t doubt - , to consider - , t assume , to imagine - , , to fancy - , to perceive - , to presume - , , , to recognise - , to regard - , , to remember - , to expect - ; to think , t trust , to understand - , to know - ;
) : to be - , to belong to - , to concern - , to consist of - , to contain - , to depend on - , to deserve - , to differ from - , to equal - , to have - , to include - , to involve - , to lack - , to matter - , to own - , to owe - , to possess - , to remain - , to demand - , to resemble - , t result - , to suit - , , to mean - ..;
) , : to appear - , to feel - , to seem - , to smell - , to sound - .;
) : to agree - , to allow - , to astonish - , to claim - , to consent - , to envy - , to fail - , to prevent - , to forbid - , to forgive - , t object , to prefer - , to puzzle - , to refuse - , to remind (of) - , to tend - . :
I dont see him here. - .
I respect my mother very much - .
What do you want? - ?
I dontunderstand you. - .
It doesntbelong to me. - .
She looks tired. - .
I dont allow you to go there. - .
, r sent Indefinite :
1) () if - , unless - , till, until - (), when - , s s n as - , before - . :
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I ll wait till you finish your - ,
breakfast. .
What shall we do if it rains - ,
tomorrow? ?
, if, when, Future Indefinite:
Ask him if he willgo with us. - , .
I dont know when he willreturn. - , .
2) ( to leave , to start - , to come - , , to return - , to go - , , , to arrive - . :
We leave next Saturday. - .
He comes back tomorrow, - ?
doesnt he?
The train starts at 3.45 a.m. - 3.45 .
) , , , , :
So I open the door, and I look out - , -
into the garden and what do I see? , ?
Harrison shoots, but the ball hits - ,
the post. .
4) I hear , I gather - , I see - , , :
I hear youre getting married. - , .
I gather, Petes looking for a job. - ,
.
No doubt you remember what - , , , -
Wittgenstein says about the
difference between ...
7.2.1.2. ( h Past Indefinite Tense)
st Indefinite
st Indefinite .