must, ought to, should, need, have got o . an, may, be to (Present Indefinite and Past Indefinite), : can could; may - might; am, is, are to was, were to. have to , (Pr sent, Pst Future Indefinite), : ha ve/ has to had to shall/ will have to.
, have to, do, :
m I to come tomorrow? - ?
You mustnt do it. - B .
I cannot answer this question. - .
, . must, n (could), may (might), should, need (.e. to), be to, ought to, have (got) to - (.. t):
Im afraid I must be off. - , .
nt you see him? - ?
May I speak to you? - ?
What are we to do now? - ?
You ought to know it. - .
Wll have to wait for Mary. - .
. :
- n you speak English? -?
- s, I can. - .
u can come toda, cant u? - , ?
, . :
I dont feel like going there but - , , ,
Im afraid I ll have to. .
h boy ran as fast as he could. - .
Do it yourself if you can. - , .
7.7.5.1. Can
Can :
- | - | ||
Present Indefinite | I can swim. | Can I swim? | I cannot (cant) swim. |
Past Indefinite | I could swim. | Could I swim? | I could not (couldnt) swim. |
Cn/ Could :
1) , , ( n) ( ould) :
You can drive a car, cant you? - ?
I c uldnt c m earlier, I had a - , y
music lesson. .
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can to be able to ( Future Indefinite) + :
In two ars h will be able to -
speak English p rf ctly well. -.
to be able + / uld, , . :
I cant ski. .
I am not able to ski today, I ve - ( )
hurt my leg. , .
2) , :
Cant you keep quiet? - ?
u an't pl f tb ll here. - .
3) , , :
It cant be true! - !
She cant have said it. - .
Can he have left after all? - -?
4) cannot but + , ..:
I cannot but agree with you. - .
One cannot but admit - ...
5) , . can/ c uld :
Can you see that house? - ?
Can you hear that strange noise? - ?
6) could (not) , , :
Could you give me some milk? - ?
Couldnt you find the last copy -
of the Guardian for me? ?
I wonder if you could possibly - ,
answer a personal question? ?
7.7.5.2. a
ma :
- | |||
Present Indefinite | I may go | May I go? | I may not go |
Past Indefinite | I might go | Might I go? | I might not (mightnt) go |
m / might :
1) , ( ) ( ):
a I come in? - Yes, you . - ? , .
May I go out? No, you may not. - ? - , .
might :
Might I trouble you for a minute? - ?
2) , ( , ). m / might , . may might , : , , might . / (The Indefinite Infinitive - The Perfect Infinitive):
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He may/ might come at any - .
moment.
He may/might have come already. - , .
3) might :
You might be a bit more polite. - .
You might have told me - .
everything.
4) may/ might that, so that, in order that ( ; ):
Jerr has told him to meet him -
next morning so that they may ,
work together. .
7.7.5.3. Must
must . must :
1) , , , ( ) ( ):
You must be red b nin. - .
Must w do it today? - ?
You mustnt speak like that. - .
must , need, have to, have got to :
- Must we do exercise 2? - 2?
- No, you neednt. - , .
She doesnt have to come here -
every week-end. .
must h v to:
esterd I had to go to the doctor. - .
Tomorrow I ll have to leave. - .
2) , must ; must :
She must be ill. - , , .
He must be playing football. - , , .
We must have taken a wrong turn. - , e
.
, ..., , ..., :
must b unaware of this. - , , .
e must have misunderstood me. - , , .
must e , . must probably . is sure to:
He will probably come soon. - , , .
is sure to
7.7.5.4. Have/ Have got
have :
Present Indefinite | I have to go She has | Do I have to Does she go? | I do not have She does to go |
Past Indefinite | I had to go | Did I have to go? | I did not have to go |
Future Indefinite | I shall have She will to go | Shall I have Will she to go? | I shall not have She will to go |
have to ( ) ( ) , .
must have to r sent Indefinite: must /. have to , , :
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I must learn this m, I like it very - -
much. , .
I dont like this poem but I have to - -
learn it. , .
must h v to h v got to, :
W have got to finish this job by -
three. .
Is this all I ve got to do? - , ?
7.7.5.5. Should
sh uld :
1) , :
You should be more careful. - .
What should I do now? - ?
2) should - ( ) ( ):
You should have helped your friend. -
.
You shouldnt have laughed at him. .
3) :
h y should be there by now, I think. , .
h film should be interesting. - .
7.7.5.6. Ought
ought oy , . ought :
1) :
Perhaps she oughtnt to work in - , ( -
the kindergarten, she is too nervous. ) ,
.
2) , :
You ought to help your sister. - .
These things oughtnt to be done. - .
3) 2- 3- . :
You ought to consult a doctor. -
.
coe ought ( ) ( ). ught should, . Ought , should . :
You should have written this word -
with capital l tter. .
You ought to have been kinder to -
him. .
7.7.5.7. To Be
to be resent st Indefinite:
Present Indefinite | I am He is to come They are | Am I Is he to come? Are they | I am He is not to come They are |
Past Indefinite | I was to They were come | Was I to Were they come? | I was not to They were come |
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to be to ,
1) ( ) , , :
What exams are we to take this year? -
?
The meeting is to start at 7. - 7.
Ann was to arrive on Saturday. -
.
The train is to arrive at 11.30. - 11.30.
2) w s / were to , :
We were to have gone on an - -
excursion yesterday but the weather ,
was too wet. .
3) to be to , . :
The chief says I am to be in charge of - ,
the programme. .
The students are to hand in their -
ourse rs by 1st. 1 .
4) to be to . :
At that time he didn t know that he - ,
was never to see his son again.
.
5) , :
His father was often to be seen -
talking to the workers. .
Where is he to be found? - ?
, t be to .
7.7.5.8. Need
need .
need :
You need not come. - .
need , . :
You neednt have come. - .
need , . to. to have to, , . :
I do not need to explain anything. - .
Did you need to read all these -
books? ?
7.7.5.9. Dare
dare .
dare : d re - dared - . -. , how, . :
How dare she come here? - ?
He dared not look at her. - .
d re , . , d re, . :
Nobody dared to ask him about it. -
.
I knew that he had never dared to - ,
come to their house since that
incident. .
dare t.
( RSITION)
8.1.
, , . . :
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I found the book on the floor. | . | on |
You can rely on (upon) me. | - . | on (upon) |
John was born on the twenty-first of May. | - . | on |
. of |
, of , ; to - ( to); by with - ( ). by /, with - . , , , :
He sent a letter to Paul. | . | |
Moscow is the capital of Russia. | . | |
Dont write with a pencil. | . | |
The letter was written by him. | . |
, : at last - , for good - , by no means - , by the way - ..
, .
, , , : in, on, at, by, to, with, from, of .. .
. : inside - , outside - , upon - , into , throughout - , ..
, , , , , . , , e . : because of - -; instead of - ; by means of - ; as far as - ; by force of - ; in spite of - ; in front of - ; in accordance with - ; as compared with - c; opposite to - .
, : during - ; including - ; concerning, regarding - ..
e . , by : , , , , , , , , , , , .:
was sitting by the door. .
He will come by five oclock. - .
She took him by the hand. - a a .
I go by your place every day. - ࠠ
.
I only know him by name. - .