, , .
-, . 18×24 18×30 ; 12×18 200 . 100 ( 102×102 103×103 ).
. . , , . , . , , , . .
. . . , , . , , , . , 6 /2, 7 .
, , (. 13.4). , , , . , , . , .
, , (. 13.4, ). (13.9). . , .
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. 13.4. (...); ():
1 ; 2 -; 3 ; 4 -; 5 ; 6 ; 7 , ; 8
, , . ; (. 13.4, , ), . 3×3; 3×6; 1,5×6 3×6 3×12 .
- 30..35 , 40...50 . . , . , .
, , . . , -III.
, (. 13.5, ), , . . ω0=0, . , , . , . (13.3) F(x, ), :
(13.4) (13.3) ,
. , F, (13.4) .
F(x, ) , , . [9]. (13.5) N1 N2, S [21].
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, ,
N = (N1 + N2)/2 . (13.6)
[19]. , , , , , (. 13.5, ). , , . or . . (. 13.5, ). :
w1=Dw, (13.7)
( N). (13.7) D , w . (13.7) , [24] .
, (a = b, r1=r2 = r) . ( ), = , y = b, N1 = N2 = 0.
N1, N2, S, Nmax, Nmin . 13.5, .... .
P. 13.5.
:
I ; II , ; 1 ; 2 ,
13.5, , , . . 13.5, . , = 0,597 ( r = 40 , h = 0,07 , x≈1,0 ):
max = 0,0937rhq. (13 8)
, .
( ), , , .
h≥ , (13.9)
b .
S, (. 13.5, ). , S , . . . , [9].
, , , . . . .
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● , . .
- (- , , .) 200 . , . ( ), , , . - , ; 30 . , .
f 1/2 D 1/10 D. f = 1/3...1/5 D.
, , , , .
. , . , . , . .
-. (. 13.6, ) 40 . (. 13.6, ) , - , ; . . , ( ) , , . (30...40 ) 2...3 , .
- (. 13.6, ) 40 . , (. 13.6. ), , . , , , .
, (. 13.6, ).
. 13.6. :
1 ; 5 ; 3 ;
4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7
. . -II . , . 30 , , . . 30 , , .
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70 , 4...6 , 150...200 . . 6...8 , , .
, , , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , . .
. (. 13.7, ), , , . S = 0 N1 N2 . (. 13.7, ). , φ, Qφ. , z,
Qφ = N1 sinφ2π,
=r2sinφ; r2 , (r1 , . . 13.7, ).
N1 = Qφ/(2πasinφ). (13.10)
, :
= N1 cosφ = Qφ ctgφ/(2πa). (13.11)
. 13.7.
:
U = = Qφ ctg/(2π). (13.12)
.
N2 , , .
N1/r1 + N2/r2 = zφ, (13.13)
zφ . , (r=r1=r2) . Qφ=Aφg, zφ =gcosφ (. 13.7, ), g ; Aφ , Aφ = 2πrh, h=r(1-sφ), a = rsinφ. , (13.10) (13.13),
N1 = 2πr2 (1-cosφ) g/(2πr sin2φ) = rg/(1+cosφ),
N2 = zφr N1 = gr cosφ rg/(l + sφ). (13.14)
(. 13.7, ) φ = 0 N1=rg/2, N2=rg/2; φ=90 N1=rg, N2 = rg.
. 13.7, , φ = 5149' N2 , . , - φ>5149' - .
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(13.11) (13.14)
Hφ = rg cosφ/(1 + sφ), (13.15)
U = Hφ0a = r2gsin2φ0/[2(l+sφ0)]. (13.16)
, φ0 = 90 U = 0. , , (. 13.7, ).
K , M (. 13.7, ). :
11 + 12 + 10 = 0,
a21 + 22 + 20 = 0, (13.17)
11, 12, 10 = = 1 g; a21, 22 20 ,
11 = s, 12 = s2 sinφ0/2,
22 = s3 sin2φ0/2, s = 0,76 . (13.18)
10 20 [23]
10 = sinφ0.
20 = (cosφ0 + )sinφ0, (13.19)
. [9].
● ( ) (. 13.8, ) (. . 13.2, ).
: ) , () , () (. . 13.1, ); , (. 13.8, ). , , 10...70 . , : , , ( ), ; ; ; ; . .
(. 13.8, ) (. . 13.2, ). . . , . .
, .
. . ≤30 . . , , .
, . (. 13.8, ). . . , .
. 13.8. :
1 ; 2 ; 3
, . 13.1, , . , , N1 . N2 .
, . 13.8, , (13.5)
N1 = 0 x=b; N2 = 0 y= ( , ),
(13.21) , N1 N2 , . , . , , , , , , . = b (13.6)
Nmax = Nmin = - S = qa2/(2f). (13.22)
[9]. [9].
. , ; , H1, (. 13.8, ) .
● , ( ), (. 13.9).
(. 13.9, ), (. 13.9, ). , l1 l2 4, 1<l1/l2<4, l1/l2≤1. . : l1 = 24; 30; 36 ; l2=12 , l1 = 12 , l2 = 24; 30 .1
. 13.9. (...) (, )
:
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 , ; 9 ; 10
■ . h, , (1/10...1/15)l1, f = (1/6...1/8)l2, (1/20...1/30)l1 (. 13.9, ). () , . , . . .
, , . . 13.9, , . .
, .
.
● l1 , 2...3 . 3×12 (. 13.9, ). . , . .
● 3×6 (. 13.9, ) . , , . , .
, , .
, , , . . . . . . . . 13.9, . ().
, , , , . (. . ).
. , , . , . 3. , [9]. , .
, . : , , . , , l1/l2≥3 l1/l2≥2 , l1/l2≥1, h≥l2/25 .
. III - . Rb, Rs. . 13.10, . ,
M1 ≤ Mu, (13.23)
M1 ; u , ,
hrdθ- rdθ h; θp .
∑=0:
2 Rb hrdθ = 2Rb θp rh = RsAs. (13.26)
(13.26) θp (13.25).
. 13.10.
() () : 1
As, (13.23) Mu = M1, (13.25) RsAs (13.26) , , θp:
sin θp cθp/r M/(2Rb hr2) = 0. (13.27)
θp (13.26),
As = 2Rbθprh/Rs.
(. 13.10, ). v, g +Δ, . ,
ΔQ ; S .
(. 13.10, )
0 ,
Gi i-ro ; ΔT
[9]. . . 13.9, .
, , .
■ . (. . 13.9, , ). 6...12 l1/l2≤0,5 f≥(1/7)l2. , , .
(. . 13.9, ), , , 5 l1 = 6 , 7...9 l1 = 12 . h1 = (1/10...1/15)l1, b1 = (1/5...1/2)h1.
0,5≤l1/l2<l, [9]. l1≤12 l1/l2<0,5 . ( 5...6 10...15 ), . , . l1, l2, .
z , z=0,55(f+h1).
, . , , 0,1 l 1 .
, , S, . . , , l1/2.
(. . 13.9, ), , . , , . : . , , . ( ) , [9].
, - (, , , ) .
● , ( ) (. 13.11). , , . , , , . 100 .
, . , , , :
● ( ); () ;
● , , . , ;
● . .
, .
(. 13.11, ), (. 13.11, , ), .
● . , . , , , (. 13.11, ...).
● . , (. 13.11, , ). , - .
● , . , . .
, , 1,5 , .
, , f = (1/10...1/30)l.
. 13.11. :
1 ; 2 ; 3 ;
4 ; 5 - ; 6 ; 7
-III, A-IV, A-V, , . , 65 % .
- . . . , .
( ), , (. 13.11, ). , , . .
, , . , , .
(, , . .). , (. 13.11, ).
, , , . , f≥(1/20)l, . .
. 13.12.
, , , (. 13.12, a). ( B) (VA VB) RA RB :
; ,
=l/2
(. 13.12, )
q0 = qb.
H1 = H/b, .
:
1. ?
2. .
3. .
4. , .
5. . . .
6. , , , , .