, , .
: - 1 , - 1 , - (, , - ). . , .
, , - 1 = 101325 . , , , 298 (25).
, , : D H f; D Ho ; D U . .
( = 1 = 0 .= 273 ).
, . : , . ( ). , , , , .
, :
() + 1/2 2 () = CO () + D Hr;
D Hr = -110, 54 /
1840- .. .. , " ":
- , , .
:
1. , - .
2. , .
3. .
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, (NH4Claq) (aq) :
I. 1) NH3() + aq = NH3aq + D H 1 (D H 1 = -34,936 /);
2) HCl() + aq = HClaq + D H 2 (D H 2 = -72,457 /);
3) NH3aq + HClaq = NH4Claq + D H 3 (D H 3 = -51,338 /);
D H = D H 1 + D H 2 + D H 3 = -34,936 -72,457 -51,338 =
= -158, 749 /
II. 1) NH3() + HCl() = NH4Cl() + D H 4 (D H 4 = -175,100 /);
2) NH4Cl() + aq = NH4Claq + D H 5 (D H 5 = + 16,393 /);
D H = D H 4 + D H 5 = -175,100 + 16,393 = -158,707 /.
, , I, , II ( 0,42 /, 0,026 % , ).
. 2 :
I. () + 2 () = 2 () + D 1 (D 1 = -393,505 /);
II. C(T) + 1/2 O2 () = CO() + D H 2 (D H 2 = -110,541 /);
CO() + 1/2 O2 () = 2 () + D 3 (D 3 = -282,964 /);
D H = D H 2 + D H 3 = -110,541 + (-282,964) = -393,505 /.
:
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. 2.1.
2.
, , , , , , .
, - , , , () + 1/2 O2 () = ()). .
1 ( - ): , .
, ()
Ca3 (T) = O2 () + CaO() + D 1
+ 178,23 /. 3 2 :
CaO (T) + C2 (T) = Ca3 (T) + D H 2 (D H 2 = -178,23 /).
2 : , , .
, :
() + 2 = CO2 - 393,51 /
() + 2 = CO2 - 395,39 /
:
() () + D H
D H = -393,51 - (-395,39) = +1,88 /
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3 : , , .
, :
() + 2 CO2 - 393,505 /
CO + 1/2 O2 CO2 - 282,964 /
() + 1/2 O2 CO + D Hr
D Hr = -393,505 - (-282,964) = -110,541 /.
4 : ( ):
D Hr = å (n i D Hf i ) - å (n i D Hf i)
,
3() + 25() = 325() + 2() + D Hr
:
D Hr = (D Hf 325 + D Hf 2) - (D Hf 3 + D Hf 25) =
= (-479,03 -285,83) - (-484,09 -276,98) = -3,79 ..
5 : ( ):
D Hr = å (n i D Hc i ) - å (n i D Hc i)
, , ,
:
D Hr = (D H 3 + D H 25) - (D H 325 + D H 2)=
= (-874,58 -1370,68) - (-2246,39 -0) = -1,13 .
( ).