(, ), , 1- ( 1940- ). , ( -, . .). 1950-60- , : , , , , .
ѻ 1965 . Multics, Unix.
. 1969 Space Travel, . . , Multics . Unics ( Multics), - UNIX.
CP/M (Control Program/Microcomputer) - /, 8- Intel 8080, Intel 8085, Z-80. : , Digitasl Research.
(GUI, Graphical User Interface - ) Macintosh ( - Mac), Apple PC. , , , . Apple 1983 , Apple Macintosh 1984 .
20 1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 -. , - .
1986 IBM Microsoft . OS/2.[7]
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2. Windows: , Plug&Play, .
3. Windows: , , , .
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1. , , (multiuser system, multiaccess system) - ( ), ( ). , . , . Windows : NetWare, Novell () ; Unix AT&Ts Bell Laboratories (); REAL/32 .
2. (one user system) - , . MS DOS Microsoft () /2, Microsoft IBM.
3. , (NOS, Network Operating System) - , . Windows NT, Windows 2000, Novel Netware, Unix, Linux .
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. , . - . , Internet. Internet- , . : UNIX, Windows 2000, Linux.
. . . Windows, Linux, Macintosh.
. . VxWorks, QNX.
. , . PalmOS, Windows CE (Consumer Electronics ).
-, . [8]