(Past Continuous) , , , . , . , .
I was writing a letter to my friend | at 5 o'clock yesterday. from 5 to 6 on Sunday. when my brother came. while my mother was cooking dinner. |
(Past Continuous) to be Past Indefinite -ing .
was not = wasn't
were not = weren't
THE PERFECT FORMS. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. , . , .
She has read this book. . ( .)
Present Perfect just - , already - , yet - , lately - , of late - , recently - .
The mail has just come. .
He has seen many films lately. .
2. , , , , today - , this week - , this month - , this century - .
I have written a letter this morning. .
3. , .
I have known him all my life. .
I have known him for 2 years. 2 .
He has not seen his parents since January. .
4. Present Perfect always - , often - , seldom - , ever - -, never - .
She has never been to London. .
Have you ever been to Moscow? - ?
Present Perfect to have Present Indefinite Participle II ( II) .
I have = I've
He has = He's
I have not = I haven't
He has not = He hasn't
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THE PERFECT FORMS. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE.
Past Perfect , .
He had finished his work | when I came. by 3 o'clock yesterday. before she arrived home. |
( ) | . 3- . , . |
They went home after they had finished their work. , .
Past Perfect to have Past Indefinite Participle II ( II) .
I had worked | I had not worked | Had I worked ? |
I had = I'd
I had not = I hadn't
THE PERFECT FORMS. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
Future Perfect , .
He will have finished his work | when I come. by 3 o'clock tomorrow. by the time you come back. |
, . 3- . , . |
Future Perfect to have Future Indefinite Participle II ( II) .
.
will , , , .
. (Active Voice) , , .
He often asks questions. .
(Passive Voice) , , .
He is often asked questions. .
to be Participle II ( II) .
Present
Past
Future
.
Indefinite Passive (to be + Participle II)
Continuous Passive (to be + being + Participle II).
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Perfect Passive (to have + been + Participle II)
: ) ; ) -; ) - .
The house is built. ) . ) . ) .
. :
hear of -
laugh at -
look after - (-)
look at -
rely on -
send fo r -
speak of (about) -
pay attention to -
take care of -
The book is much spoken about. .
He can't be relied on. .
:
to listen to - -, -
to look for - -
to provide for - -, -
to explain to - -
He was listened to with great attention. .
, , , , , , .
To translate () the text I used a dictionary. , .
Smoking () is not allowed here. () .
The stars shining ( I) in the dark sky seem blue. , , .
(the Infinitive) - , . ( I) . to: to help - , to read - . to :
He will write to his parents tomorrow. .
She can ski and skate. .
We saw him enter. , .
What makes you think so? ?
Let me take this book, please. , .
You had better go now. / . I must see you at once. .
.
Active | Passive | |
Indefinite | to write | to be written |
Continuous | to be writing | |
Perfect | to have written | to have been written |
Perfect Continuous | to have been writing |
, , , - , .
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I like to help. .
I like to be helped. , .
Indefinite Active , . Continuous Active .
She likes to write letters. .
She must be still writing. , , .
, - ( ).
, , -.
I am glad to study at the University. , .
I am glad to have studied at the University. , .
:
a. .
To walk in the garden was very pleasant. .
To read a lot is to know much. - .
b. .
To read the book I went to the reading-hall. , .
c. .
:
He is going to take part in the conference to be held in Moscow. , .
I have nothing to sky. .
She was the first to come. .
He was glad to have been given a new job. , .
I decided to read this book. .
You may come in. .
We ought to leave early in the morning. .
My wish is to read much. - .
.
The Complex Object (Objective - with - the - Infinitive Construction).
.
.
He wants the book to be returned tomorrow. , .
.
The Complex Subject (The Nominative - with - the - Infinitive Construction).
. .
Sheisexpectedtocomeanyminute. , .
The water seems to be boiling. , .
The Delegation is reported to have left London. , .
He is likely to know her address. , , .
He is sure to be asked about it. , , .
She is said to be very beautiful. . .
The car was seen to disappear. , .
:
1. , - to see, to hear, to notice . , - to think, to consider, to expect . ( ); to say, to report, to ask, to order, to announce ( ).
2. to be likely (), to be unlikely (), to be certain / to be sure ( / ).
3. to seem / to appear ( / -), to prove / to turn out (), to happen ().
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FOR.
The For - to - Infinitive Construction.
for. .
It's easy for me to answer this question. .
It will be very pleasant for us to spend a week in England. .
There was nothing else for me to say. .
It is for you to decide. .
Here are some books for you to read. ( ).
II
II (Participle II) - (III ), , . .
II , Past Indefinite, -ed t o ask - asked, to help - helped.
I, II , . , . , II, - .
The book discussed yesterday was interesting. , , .
The books discussed at the lessons are always interesting. , , .
II
II :
a. .
Lost time is never found again. ( - ).
A written letter lay on the table. .
They are reconstructing the house built in the 18th century. , 18 .
b. . II if, unless, when. , , .
If built of the local stone, the road will serve for years. ( ) , .
.
I.
.
I saw her crossing the street. , .
" I" - the Objective - with - the - Participle I Construction - , , , , . I - Participle I Indefinite Active.
, . to see, to hear, to watch, to feel . .
They watched him entering the house. , .
I saw John passing our house. , .
" II" - the Objective - with - the - Participle II I, , II , , . . :
We head his name mentioned. , .
I want the work done. , .
I have my photo taken. .
.
.
, , (the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) Participle I, Participle II.
The weather permitting, we shall go to the country. , . ()
It being very cold, we could not go for a walk. , . ()
The sun having risen, we continued our way. , , . ()
The article having been translated, the student showed it to the teacher. () , . ( )
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His work finished, he went home. , .
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