, . -, -.
:
1) -1,
2) +1,
3) +1, -1, : LiH, CaH2;
4) -2, (Na2O21), (KO21/2), (KO31/3) , ;
5) , .
"" .
, , -- (). , , . . , , . .
:
1) , , : KMn+7O4, KBi+5O3, K2Cr+62O7, Pb+4O2;
2) ( ), : Fe3+, Au3+, Sn4+;
3) ( ).
:
1) , , : Na2S2, KI1, N3H3, KN+3O2, K2S+4O3;
2) , : Fe2+, Sn2+;
3) , - , .
:
1) , :
2KMn+7O4 + 10KI1 + 8H2SO4 = 2Mn+2SO4 + 6K2SO4 + 5I2 + 8H2O
Mn+7 + 5ē = Mn+2 | 2 ()
2I 2ē = I2 | 5 ()
2O1 + 2ē = 2O2 | 1 ()
2I 2ē = I2 | 1 ()
2) , , :
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t
(N3H4)2Cr+62O7 = N02 + Cr+32O3 + 4H2O
2N3 6ē = | 1 ()
2Cr6+ + 6ē = 2Cr3+ | 1 ()
250oC
N3H4N+5O3 = N+12O + 2H2O
N+5 + 4ē = N+1 | 1 ()
N3 4ē = N+1 | 1 ()
3) , , :
t
3Cl02 + 6KOH = 5KCl1 + KCl+5O3 + 3H2O
+ ē = Cl | 5
5ē = Cl+5 | 1
N+4 + ē = N+3 | 1
N+4 ē = N+5 | 1
.
, , , , , , N-3H4+. , N2O3 .
N+5 . . .
, :
Cu0 + 4HN+5O3() = Cu+2(NO3)2 + 2N+4O2 + 2H2O
Cu0 2ē = Cu+2 | 1
N+5 + ē = N+4 | 2
3Cu0 + 8HN+5O3() = 3Cu+2(NO3)2 + 2N+2O + 4H2O
Cu0 2ē = Cu+2 | 3
N+5 + 3ē = N+2 | 2
, , - HNO3.
, , . , , Cu, Zn, Mg :
Cu NO2
HNO3() + Zn NO (N2O)
Mg N2O (N2)
K N2 (NH4+)
Cu NO
HNO3() + Zn N2O (N2)
Mg N2 (NH4+)
K NH4+
, , , NO2 NO. , , , , :
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P4 H3P+5O4
HNO3() + S H2S+6O4
C C+4O2
B H3B+3O3
:
+5ē, H+ Mn+2 (MnSO4)
KMnO4 +3ē, H2O Mn+4 (MnO2)
+ē, OH Mn+6 (K2MnO4)
, , . nO4:
2KMn+7O4 + 5KN+3O2 + 3H2SO4 = 2Mn+2SO4 + 5KN+5O3 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Mn+7 + 5ē = Mn+2 | 2
N+3 2ē = N+5 | 5
3KMn+7O4 + 3C2H3OH 3HC0HO + 2Mn+4O2 + 2KOH + 2H2O
Mn+7 + 3ē = Mn+4 | 2
C2 2ē = C0 | 3
2KMn+7O4 + 2KI1 2K2Mn+6O4 + I20
Mn+7 + ē = Mn+6 | 2
2I1 2ē = I20 | 1
, , , , . , nO4 .
+, , ( 50 . % H2SO4) , S+6. S+6 S+4, , SO2, :
2H2S+6O4() + Cu0 = Cu+2SO4 + S+4O2 + 2H2O
Cu0 2ē = Cu+2 | 1
S+6 + 2ē = S+4 | 1
2H2S+6O4() + S0 = 3S+4O2 + 2H2O
S+6 + 2ē = S+4 | 2
S0 4ē = S+4 | 1
2H2SO4() + 2KBr () = K2SO4 + Br2 +SO2 + 2H2O
S+6 + 2ē = S+4 | 1
2Br 2ē = Br20 | 1
S+6 S0 2S2, :
4H2S+6O4() + 6KI1() = S0 +3I20 + 3K2SO4 + 4H2O
S+6 + 6ē = S0 | 1
2I 2ē = I20 | 3
5H2SO4() + Mg0 = 4Mg+2SO4 + H2S-2 + 4H2O
S+6 + 8ē = S2 | 1
Mg0 2ē = Mg+2 | 4
, Cr+6 Cr+3 :
K2Cr+62O7 + 3KN+3O2 + 4H2SO4 = Cr+32(SO4)3 + 3KN+5O3 + K2SO4 + 4H2O
2Cr+6 + 6ē = 2Cr+3 | 1
N+3 2ē = N+5 | 3
K2Cr+62O7+3C-1H3C-1HO+4H2SO4 = Cr+32(SO4)3 + 3C0H3C0OOH+K2SO4+4H2O
2Cr+6 + 6ē = 2Cr+3 | 1
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2C1 2ē = 2C0 | 3
:
Cr2O72 + 2OH = 2CrO42 + H2O,
, , :
2CrO42 + 2H+ = Cr2O72 + H2O.
Cr+6. , Cr+6 , ; :
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6ē = 2Cr+3 + 7H2O, E0 = 1,33 B
CrO42- + 4H2O + 3ē = Cr(OH)3 + 5OH, E0 = 0,13 B
(-1), , . 1015 .%, (15 .% H2O2) :
H2O21 + 2KI1 + H2SO4 = I20 +2H2O2 + K2SO4
2O1 + 2ē = 2O2 | 1
2I1 2ē = I20 | 1
5H2O21 + 2KMn+7O4 + 3H2SO4 = 2Mn+2SO4 + K2SO4 + 5O20 + 8H2O
2O1 + 2ē = O20 | 5
Mn+7 + 5ē = Mn+2 | 2
( Cl2 Br2 ): - , 1:
Cl20 + 2ē = 2Cl1 Br20 + 2ē = 2Br1
: ( KN+3O2), (K2S2), (K2S+4O3), (KI1), (KH2P+1O2), (K2HP+3O3), (II) (SnCl2), (II) (FeSO4), , , . - , , :
N+3O2 2ē N+5O3
S2 2ē = S0
S+4O32 2ē S+6O42
2I1 2ē = I20
H2P+1O2 2ē H2P+3O3
H2P+1O2 4ē H2P+5O4
Sn+2 2ē = Sn+4
Fe2+ ē = Fe3+
. , , , , : K3[Al(OH)6], Na2[Zn(OH)4].
" " "
". , ( 2O2, KNO3, KClO3 ..) . " " , :
3KN+5O3 + W + 2KOH 3KN+3O2 + K2W+6O4 + H2O
N+5 + 2ē = N+3 | 3
W0 6ē = W+6 | 1
KCl+5O3 + 3Mn+4O2 + 6KOH KCl1 + 3K2Mn+6O4 + 3H2O
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Mn+4 2ē = Mn+6 | 3
Cl+5 + 6ē = Cl1 | 1
" " () , .
, , , , . () . , , () . . " ". :
3Zn0 + 9HCl + Na3As+3O3 = As3H3 + 3Zn+2Cl2 + 3NaCl + 3H2O
Zn0 2ē = Zn+2 | 3
As+3 + 6ē = As3 | 1
" ", " " , , , ; . , , , .