K ( ) ( ) -
K = × = [ +]×[ ]. (38)
K 2 = + + . . , K 1×1014.
+ ,
= lg = lg[+], (39)
= lg = lg[], (40)
(38) (39) (40) ,
+ = 14. (41)
:
1) < 7; 2) > 7; 3) = 7.
, , . . : ; .
+
[+] = , (42)
() ; [], [] , /3.
(42) ,
= K () lg , (43)
() = lg ().
= 14 K () + lg , (44)
K () = -lg K ().
, , 1 3 , . /3
, (45)
2 ; V ; V ; ΔpH .
, . , .
1. , , 2 , K (3) = 1,75×10-5.
, 3 Û 3 + +. K (3) << 1, (25)
|
|
a = = = 2,96×10-3 0,296 %
(20)
[+] = = 5,92×10-3 /3.
(38)
[] = = = 1,69∙10-12 /3.
(39) (41)
= lg[+] = lg(5,92×103) = 2,23
= 14 = 14 2,23 = 11,77
2. 0,017 , () = 2104.
, Û + +, + (25) (20)
[+] = n × α C 2= n × .
(39)
= lg 1,8 10-3 = 2,75.
3. ()2 0,001 .
()2 , α = 1, , .
()2 + + .
[] = [()2] = 1×10-3. , , -. (40)
= lg [] = lg(1×103) = 3.
(41) = 14 = 14 3 = 11.
4. 0,1 .
, HNO3 H+ + NO . α ≈ 1, , [+] =[NO ] = 2(NO3) = 0,1 /3. , . (32)
I = ½ × (0,112 + 0,1 12) = 0,1.
(31 ) +
lgg+ = 0,5×½(+1)2½× = 0,158; g+ = 100,158 = 0,695.
(26) (39)
= [+] ×g+ = 0,1 ×0,695 = 0,0695 .
= lg = lg 0,0695 = 1,16.
5. NO2, = 2,7.
,
NO2 Û + + NO
, [+] = [NO ]. (39)
[+] = [NO ] = 10 = 102,7 = 2×103 /3.
, , 2×103 /3. 2 , , , [NO2] = ( 2 − 2×103) .
(22)
.
[8]. , 2
; 2 = 0,01 .
6. ()2 = 11,3. γ (−) = 0,965.
|
|
()2 , , ()2 → 2+ + 2−. (41)
= 14 = 14 11,3 = 2,7.
− (40)
/3.
(26) −
/3.
,
2 (()2) = 1/2×[−] = 0,0021/2=0,00105 /3.
7. , 1 3 0,1 3 0,2 Na3. l.
[8] (3) = 1,75 105.
(3) = lg (3) = lg(1,75 105) = 4,757.
(43)
= 4,757 lg = 5,058.
. l . l 1 3
Na3 + l = Nal + 3.
3 (0,1 + ) /, Na3 (0,2 ) /.
l , , , . . 4,058. (39)
[+] = 104,058 = 8,75105.
(42)
[+] = 8,75 10-5 = ;
; = 6,67 /3.
l 6,67 /.
8. 100 7,36 7,00 3,6 0,1 . ?
(45)
= /.