- , , . , , , .
, , , .
: , , . :
¾ , , , .
¾ , . .
¾ , , , . , ().
, .
( )
:
W .. = m.
m .
(%) c 100 . :
W % = m. 100%
m
, (/)- 1 :
= m.
r (. ) V .
, | , | |||
1 Ƞ | ||||
: 20 ., 3. NaCL, 1,2 / | : | :
| ||
: | ||||
2 | ||||
: , 150., 40%. 30. | : ............................................................................................................................................................ .................................................... | : | ||
3
| ||||
, 15., 45%. , 5. | : ............................................................................................................................................................ .................................................... | : | ||
4 2- | ||||
40 . 9%- 20. 70%- . . | : ............................................................................................................................................................ .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... | : | ||
5 | ||||
300. 60%- , 90%- | : ............................................................................................................................................................ .................................................... |
: ............................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................
|
|
3
: " "
: ,
, , . | ||
1 , . | ||
1.1 3- 1. L , , . | : ............................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................ | |
1.2 a) 2- 1-2. . b) 2 1-2 . 3 1-2 , c) 2 1-2 . 2 1-2 , . | ) : HCL +Zn→....................................................... HCL +Cu→....................................................... ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ) : HNO3() +Zn→NH3 +................................... HNO3() +Cu→ N +.................................. HNO3() +Zn→N2 +.................................. HNO3() +Cu→ N2 +................................ HNO3() +Al→.............................................. ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ .......................................................................... ) : H2 SO4() +Zn→H2+..................................... H2 SO4() +Cu→........................................... H2 SO4() +Zn→S2 +............................... H2 SO4() +Cu→ S2 +............................... ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ............................................................................ | |
1.3. 3- 1. L Fe2O3 C. Fe2O3 | : HCL +Fe2O3→................................................... HCL +C→.................................................... : ............................................................................ ............................................................................ |
1.4. 1 . 1 . | : HCL +3 →............................................... H2 SO4+L2 →............................................. : ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ...................................................................................................................................................... | |||
2
- , ( ) 1- | ||||
2.1 3- 1. NaOH , , | : .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. | |||
2.2 , 1. NaOH , HCL | : NaOH +HCL→.................................................. : ............................................................................ ............................................................................ ........................................................................... | |||
2.3 1 CuSO4, 1-2 NaOH . | : uSO4+ NaOH u()2 ............ : ............................................................................ ............................................................................ | |||
3 ͻ (NH4+), ͻ | ||||
3.1 1. Na2S, 1. AgNO3. | : Na2S+ AgNO3 : ............................................................................ ............................................................................ | |||
3.1 c 3 1. AgNO3, uSO4 Pb(NO3)2 u, Fe, Zn | : u+ AgNO3 .. Fe + uSO4 Zn+ Pb(NO3)2 .. : ............................................................................ ........................................................................... ... |
: .............................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4
: " , "
: . , , .
, .
|
|
4 :
1. 2 S4, Na NO3,) , = 7.
2. (Mg3, Al 2S3, Zn(NO2)2, ..) - 7, :
3. (: Na23, 2S, (NO2)2, 3 Li) - >7, .
4. (MgS4, AlCL3, Zn(NO3)2, ..) - < 7, .
( ) ( )
, , .
, (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, HBr, HI, HClO4 ).
, (H2CO3, H2SO3, H2S, H2SiO3, H3PO4, N )
- (NaOH, KOH, ).
, (Cu(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, NH4OH, Al(OH)3 .
, , | ||||
1 | ||||
3 : , . | CL (<7) NaO(>7) : .. | ............................... ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................. | ||
2 , , . | ||||
) , 1 Na2SO4,- - 2- - | : ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... : Na2SO4+ →................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................... | |||
) , 1 Na23 2 . | : ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... : Na2CO3+ →.................................... ............................................................................ ............................................................................. N2SiO3+ →...................................... ............................................................................ ............................................................................. | |||
) , . 1 ZnSO 4 1-2 1 CuSO 4 1-2 | : ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... : ZnSO4+ ................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................. uSO4+ .................................................... ................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................. | |||
3
| ||||
1 Na2SO3 1 . , . | : .. Na2SO3+ ................................................ ................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. |
:
.................
5
: " , , , , - - . , "
: , , , . , .
, .
, .
, , , . , :uSO4+ ZnZnSO4+ Cu
, : 3 +2
, , : CL+AgNO3 AgCL¯+ HNO3
: 2+ CL22HCL.
- .
( ). : ) ; ) .
: AB + C à +
, : (), (H2S, CO2, NH3...), (2, N,CH3COOH, NO2, H3PO4)
. NH4OH→ NH3 + H2O; H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O; H2SO3 → H2O + SO2
, , . | |||||||
2 , | |||||||
) 1. Cu SO4 ( 1-2 2SO4 .) . | : ) Cu SO4 + Fe .. :
.... |
. | |||||
) (NH4)2Cr2O7 . | : | ||||||
(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O
| |||||||
)
( Fe23) | |||||||
) O2 + Fe .. : ........ | |||||||
3 | |||||||
) . 1 | : uSO4+ NaOH .................................................................................... ............................................................................... : |
. | |||||
.................................................................................................................................................. | |||||||
) 1 (Na2CO3) 1 | HCL + Na2CO3 .................................................................................... ...................................................................................... : | ||||||
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. | |||||||
) 1 - 1 .. | NaOH + HCL .................................................. ................ ........................... :.................................................................................... ...................................................................................... | ||||||
) 1 c (III) . (III) HCL | FeCl3 + NaOH Fe(OH)3 + HCL .................................................................................................................................................................... : | ||||||
....................................................................... | |||||||
3 | |||||||
) 2-3 NaOH . . | :.................................................................................. .................................................................................. .................................................................................. ..
|
................................................................................................................................................................................................. | |||||
) 1 NaOH 2-4 NH4CL, | NH4CL+NaOH→..................................................... ............... :..................................................................................
| ||||||
:
6
: ", ."
: : , , . , , , , , .
( ט )- : ט = ∆ / ∆ t
- , - :
+ → + dD
:
- : ט . = . ∙ ∙ =
- : ט .= .. ∙ ∙ D d= ..
ü - , ;
ü ()- ()
- , - , , .
:
.. + →.
- : ט . = . ∙
- : ט .= .. ∙
, .
- .
, , .
- -
: 10 2-4 , V 2 V 1 - t 2 t 1; γ - .
- .
- , .
- .
- , : ט . = ט 𠠠 , , .
, , . | |||
| |||
) 2 . 2 , ) , 2 2 | )Zn+ 2SO4 : ........................................................................................................................................................................ : .............................................................................
) N2()+ 3H2 () →2NH3() : .............................................................................
............................................................................. | ||
2 | |||
) 2 . 2 , ) 600, 200 0,5/.., - 2 | ): .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ): ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... | ||
3 | |||
. 2 , . | : .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................... | ||
4 | |||
. 2 . | : 3 + Zn→ H2SO4+ Zn→ : ............................................................................................................................................................... | ||
5 | |||
) nO2 . ) 2 H2SO4 . | : 222 MnO 2 → 22 + 2 H2SO4+ Zn→ : ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... | ||
6 | |||
3 KCNS, . . | : FeCl3()+3KCNS() =Fe(CNS)3()+3KCl() .=
: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... | ||
:
7
: " . "
: -; , , , , ; , .
- (1,7-5%) (Mn, Si, P .)
: : (Fe3O4); (Fe2O3), ( 2Fe2O3 * 3H2O Fe2O3 * H2O) .
: , , .
: CaCO3, (CaCO3 + MgCO3)
I. - , (, ), . , (4050 %), (1520 %), (46 %), (69 %), 13001500 0., .
II. . , 10001100 0C. , , , . , , ( 4%), , , 1200 0C , , . , . 34 , -1,5-2 . Al2O3, CaO, MgO, SiO2, MnO, FeO, CaS. () - 45 .
III. ( 1,7%) Mn, r, Si,Ni. (). :
.
.
.
¾ , , 0,35% , 0,8% , 0,06% , 0,07% . -, - .
¾ (, , , , , .) .
, . .
:
¾ ;
¾ ;
¾ .
, .
. , . , - .
, , . , , .
, , . | |||
1 | |||
. " ". | , : 1. .................................................................................................................. 2. ......................................................................................................... 3. ..................................................................................... 4. ......................................................................................... 5. ............................................................................................... 6. ................................................................................................................ 7. ................................................................................................................. 8. .................................................................................................................
| ||
2 | |||
1. 2. 3. 4. | : 1. .. 2. .. 3. .. 4. | ||
3 | |||
2 2* Al2O3*6SiO2 | : .................................................... | : | |
4 | |||
500, 25% TiO2, , : | : ............................................................................................................................................ ..................................... | : | |
5 | |||
, 20% Fe3O4, 40 . | : ............................................................................................................................................ .................................................... | : .
| |
:...........................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8
: " , . ."
(IV) 2 , .
. . :
CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2↑.
:
- ( )
2 + ()2 = 3 + 2; - . .
(2) , , .
: Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 ↑.
(2) , , .
1. : 2KMnO4 = K2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2 ↑;
2. :2H2O2 = 22 + 2 ↑.
, .
(N3) , , , .
1. :
3H2 + N2 = 2NH3;
2. :
NH4Cl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O + NH3↑.
, , . | ||
1 . | ||
. 1. NH4CL 0,5 Ca(OH)2. . . . . | : NH4CL + Ca(OH)2→ .. ..................................................................... : NH3+ HCL→ ..... : . | |
2 . | ||
1-2 . KMnO4 1. . . | : . 2KMnO4 = K2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2 ↑; | |
3. (II) . | ||
1. NaN3 ( N3) 4-5 . . . | : NaN3+ 2SO4 HN3(.)+(N3)2+NO2+H2 O : .......... | |
4 . | ||
1-2 1. . . | : . (): 3 +HCL |
:...........................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9
: " .
: , , , , . : ; .
1. 4 2S1, 2Px1, 2Py1, 2Pz1 S 3 . 4 , 1 , , j = 109028¢ | S3 - , S 3 . |
2. 2S1, 2Px1, 2Py1 S 2 . , , j = 1200. 2Pz1 , . | S2 = . S 2 . |
3. 2S1, 2Px1 S . , , j = 1800. 2Py1 2Pz1 , . | S - ≡ S . |
σ- (-) , . π- (-) - ,
, , . | ||||||||||||||
1 | ||||||||||||||
, . | :
: 2018-10-14; !; : 667 | : : , |
: 0.308 .