ω% | H2SO4 | HNO3 | HCl | KOH ( 15 ) | NaOH | NH3∙2 |
2 | 1,012 | 1,009 | 1,008 | 1,016 | 1,021 | 0,990 |
4 | 1,025 | 1.020 | 1,018 | 1,033 | 1,043 | 0,981 |
6 | 1,038 | 1,031 | 1,028 | 1,048 | 1,065 | 0,973 |
8 | 1,052 | 1,043 | 1,038 | 1,065 | 1,087 | 0,965 |
10 | 1,066 | 1,054 | 1,047 | 1,082 | 1,109 | 0,958 |
12 | 1,080 | 1,066 | 1,057 | 1,100 | 1,131 | 0,950 |
14 | 1,095 | 1,078 | 1,068 | 1,118 | 1,153 | 0,943 |
16 | 1,109 | 1,090 | 1,078 | 1,137 | 1,175 | 0,936 |
18 | 1,124 | 1,103 | 1,088 | 1,156 | 1,197 | 0,930 |
20 | 1,139 | 1,115 | 1,098 | 1,176 | 1,219 | 0,923 |
22 | 1,155 | 1,128 | 1,108 | 1,196 | 1,241 | 0,916 |
24 | 1,170 | 1,140 | 1,119 | 1,217 | 1,263 | 0,910 |
26 | 1,186 | 1,153 | 1,129 | 1,240 | 1,285 | 0,904 |
28 | 1,202 | 1,167 | 1,139 | 1,263 | 1,306 | 0,898 |
30 | 1,219 | 1,180 | 1,149 | 1,286 | 1,328 | 0,892 |
32 | 1,235 | 1,193 | 1,159 | 1,310 | 1,349 | |
34 | 1,252 | 1,207 | 1.169 | 1,334 | 1,370 | |
36 | 1,268 | 1,221 | 1,179 | 1,358 | 1,390 | |
38 | 1,284 | 1,234 | 1,189 | 1,384 | 1,410 | |
40 | 1,303 | 1,246 | 1,411 | 1,430 | ||
42 | 1,321 | 1,259 | 1,437 | 1,449 | ||
44 | 1,338 | 1,272 | 1,460 | 1,469 | ||
46 | 1,357 | 1,285 | 1,485 | 1,487 | ||
48 | 1,376 | 1,298 | 1,511 | 1,507 | ||
50 | 1,395 | 1,310 | 1,538 | 1,525 | ||
52 | 1,415 | 1,322 | 1,564 | |||
54 | 1,435 | 1,334 | 1,590 | |||
56 | 1,456 | 1,345 | 1,616 | |||
58 | 1,477 | 1,356 | ||||
60 | 1,498 | 1,367 | ||||
62 | 1,520 | 1,377 | ||||
64 | 1,542 | 1,387 | ||||
66 | 1,565 | 1,396 | ||||
68 | 1,587 | 1,405 | ||||
70 | 1,611 | 1,413 | ||||
72 | 1,634 | 1,422 | ||||
74 | 1,657 | 1,430 | ||||
76 | 1,681 | 1,438 | ||||
78 | 1,704 | 1,445 | ||||
80 | 1,727 | 1,452 | ||||
82 | 1,749 | 1,459 | ||||
84 | 1,769 | 1,466 |
2.
ω% | H2SO4 | HNO3 | HCl | KOH ( 15 ) | NaOH | NH3∙2 |
86 | 1,787 | 1,472 | ||||
88 | 1,802 | 1,477 | ||||
90 | 1,814 | 1,483 | ||||
92 | 1,824 | 1,487 | ||||
94 | 1,832 | 1,491 | ||||
96 | 1,835 | 1,495 | ||||
98 | 1,837 | 1,501 | ||||
100 | 1,838 | 1,513 |
|
|
3.
,
∆HO298 - , /;
∆GO298 - , /;
S O 298 - , /();
- ;
- ;
- ;
aq - () .
∆HO298 | ∆GO298 | S O 298 | ||
AgCl | -127 | -109,7 | 96,1 | |
AgNO3 | -123 | -32,2 | 141 | |
Ag2O | -30,6 | -10,8 | 122 | |
Al | 0 | 0 | 28,3 | |
Al3+ | aq | -525 | -481 | -313 |
Al2O3 | -1670 | -1576 | 51 | |
l2O332O | -2568 | -2292 | 140 | |
2O3 | -1264 | -1184 | 54 | |
3 | -1089 | -963 | 89,6 | |
3 | aq | -1068 | -963 | 160 |
2+ | aq | -538 | -561 | 12,6 |
l2 | -860 | -811 | 126 | |
l222O | -1462 | -1296 | 203 | |
BaSO4 | -1465 | -1353 | 132 | |
2 | 0 | 0 | 152 | |
2 | 30,7 | 3,1 | 245 | |
0 | 0 | 5,7 | ||
1,9 | 2,9 | 2,4 | ||
CO | -111 | -137 | 198 | |
CO2 | -393,5 | -394,4 | 214 | |
CO2 | aq | -413 | -386 | 121 |
2O3 | aq | -700 | -623 | 187 |
HCO-3 | aq | -691 | -587 | 95 |
CO32- | aq | -676 | -528 | -53 |
2+ | aq | -543 | -553 | -55 |
-636 | -603 | 40 | ||
()2 | -987 | -897 | 76 | |
CaSO4 | -1432 | -1320 | 107 | |
CaSO42H2O | -1762 | -1565 | 194 | |
l2 | -795 | -750 | 114 | |
l2 | aq | -878 | -815 | 55 |
l262O | -2607 | |||
-1207 | -1129 | 93 | ||
l2 | 0 | 0 | 223 | |
l2O | 76 | 94 | 266 | |
l | -92,3 | -95,3 | 186,7 | |
l | aq | -167 | -131 | 55 |
3.
∆HO298 | ∆GO298 | S O 298 | ||
CrO42- | aq | -863 | -706 | 38,5 |
Cr2O72- | aq | -1461 | -1257 | 214 |
Cu2+ | aq | 64,4 | 65 | 99 |
CuCl | -136 | -118 | 84,5 | |
CuCl2 | -206 | |||
CuSO4 | -770 | -662 | 113 | |
CuSO45H2O | -2278 | -1880 | 305 | |
F- | aq | -329 | -276 | -9,6 |
HF | -269 | -271 | 174 | |
Fe | 0 | 0 | 27,2 | |
Fe2+ | aq | -88 | -85 | -113 |
Fe3+ | aq | -48 | -11 | -293 |
Fe(OH)3 | -824 | |||
FeCO3 | -753 | -680 | 96 | |
FeCl3 | -405 | |||
FeCl36H2O | -2226 | |||
FeSO4 | -923 | -820 | 108 | |
FeSO47H2O | -3007" | |||
H2 | 0 | 0 | 131 | |
H+ | aq | 0 | 0 | 0 |
OH- | aq | -230 | -157 | -10,5 |
H2O | -286 | -237 | 70 | |
H2O | -242 | -229 | 189 | |
H2O2 | -188 | -118 | ||
H2O2 | aq | -191 | ||
Hg | 0 | 0 | 77 | |
Hg | 61 | 32 | 175 | |
Hg2+ | aq | -165 | ||
HgCl2 | -230 | -177 | ||
Hg2Cl2 | -265 | -211 | 196 | |
HgO | -90 | -58,4 | 73 | |
K+ | aq | -251 | -282 | 103 |
KOH | aq | -477 | -441 | 92 |
KAl(SO4)212H2O | -6057 | -5137 | 687 | |
KBr | -392 | -379 | 96 | |
KBr | aq | -372 | -385 | 183 |
l | -436 | -408 | 83 | |
KCl | -216 | -235 | 239,5 | |
KCI | aq | -419 | -413 | 158 |
KClO3 | -391 | -290 | 143 | |
KI | -328 | -322 | 104 | |
KI | aq | -307 | -334 | 212 |
KNO3 | -493 | -393 | 133 | |
KNO3 | aq | -458 | -393 | 291 |
|
|
3.
∆HO298 | ∆GO298 | S O 298 | ||
KMnO4 | -813 | -714 | 172 | |
K2SO4 | -1438 | -1320 | 176 | |
Li+ | aq | -278 | -294 | 14 |
LiOH | -487 | -444 | 50 | |
Li2CO3 | -1215 | -1130 | 90 | |
Mg2+ | aq | -462 | -456 | -118 |
MgCO3 | -1113 | -1029 | 66 | |
MgCl2 | -642 | -592 | 89,5 | |
MgCl26H2O | -2500 | -1279 | 366 | |
MgO | -602 | -570 | 27 | |
Mg(OH)2 | -925 | -834 | 63 | |
MgSO4 | -1278 | -1174 | 91,6 | |
MgSO47H2O | -3384 | |||
Mn2+ | aq | -219 | -223 | -84 |
MnSO4 | -1064 | -956 | 112 | |
N2 | 0 | 0 | 191,5 | |
NH3 | -46,2 | -16,6 | 192,5 | |
NH3 | aq | -80,8 | -26,6 | 110 |
NH4+ | aq | -133 | -79,5 | 113 |
NH4Cl | -315 | -204 | 94,6 | |
(NH4)2SO4 | -1179 | -900 | 220 | |
N2O | 81,5 | 103,6 | 220 | |
NO | 90,4 | 86,7 | 210,6 | |
NO2 | 33,8 | 51,8 | 240,5 | |
N2O4 | 9,7 | 98,3 | 304,3 | |
HNO2 | aq | -119 | -56 | 153 |
HNO3 | -173 | -80 | 155 | |
NO3- | aq | -207 | -114 | 146 |
Na | 0 | 0 | 51 | |
Na+ | aq | -240 | -262 | 60 |
Na2CO3 | -1131 | -1048 | 136 | |
Na2CO310H2O | -4082 | -3906 | ||
NaHCO3 | -948 | -852 | 102 | |
NaF | -569 | -541 | 59 | |
NaCl | -411 | -384 | 72 | |
NaNO2 | -359 | |||
NaNO3 | -425 | -366 | 116 | |
NaOH | -427 | -380 | 60 | |
Na2SO3 | -1117 | -1043 | 146 | |
Na2SO4 | -1384 | -1267 | 149 | |
Na2SO410H2O | -4324 | -3644 | 593 | |
Na2S2O35H2O | -2602 | |||
O2 | 0 | 0 | 205 | |
O3 | 142 | 163 | 238 |
3.
∆HO298 | ∆GO298 | S O 298 | ||
4 | 0 | 0 | 44,4 | |
4 | -18,4 | |||
l3 | -306 | -286 | 312 | |
l5 | -399 | -325 | 353 | |
H2PO4- | aq | -1302 | -1135 | 89 |
HPO42- | aq | -1299 | -1094 | -36 |
PO43- | aq | -1284 | -1026 | -218 |
P2O74- | aq | -2276 | ||
Pb2+ | aq | 1,6 | -24,3 | 21,3 |
b | -218 | -188 | 69 | |
PbO2 | -277 | -219 | 77 | |
Pb(CH3COO)2 | -964 | |||
Pb(CH3COO)23H2O | -1854 | |||
S | . | 0 | 0 | 32 |
S | . | 0,3 | 0,1 | 32,6 |
SO2 | -297 | -300 | 249 | |
SO3 | -395 | -370 | 256 | |
H2S | -20 | -33 | 206 | |
H2SO4 | aq | -907 | -742 | 17 |
HSO4- | aq | -886 | -753 | 127 |
SO42- | aq | -907 | -742 | 17,2 |
SiO2 | -859 | -805 | 42 | |
Zn2+ | aq | -152 | -147 | -106 |
ZnO | -348 | -318 | 44 | |
ZnCl2 | -416 | -369 | 108 | |
ZnSO4 | -979 | -872 | 125 | |
ZnSO47H2O | -3076 | -2560 | 387 | |
| ||||
∆HO298 | ∆GO298 | S O 298 | ||
CH4 | -85 | -51 | 186 | |
C2H2 | 227 | 209 | 201 | |
C2H4 | 52 | 68 | 219 | |
C2H6 | -107 | -33 | 229 | |
C6H6 | 49 | 125 | 173 | |
3l | -82 | -59 | 234 | |
2l2 | -88 | -59 | 271 | |
l3 | -100 | -67 | 296 | |
CCl4 | -107 | -64 | 309 | |
3Br | -35,6 | -26 | 246 | |
2r2 | -4,2 | -5,9 | 294 | |
r3 | 25 | 16 | 331 | |
r4 | 50 | 36 | 358 | |
CH3OH | -239 | -166 | 127 | |
C2H5OH | -278 | -175 | 161 | |
-371 | -479 | 205 |
3.
∆HO298 | ∆GO298 | S O 298 | ||
-116 | -110 | 219 | ||
-166 | -134 | 265 | ||
-247 | -154 | 199 | ||
HCOOH | -410 | -346 | 129 | |
HCOO- | aq | -410 | -335 | 92 |
CH3COOH | -487 | -392 | 160 | |
3- | aq | 489 | -404 | 205 |
C3H7COOH | -535 | -376 | 226 | |
37OO- | -536 | -372 | 202 | |
16 | 146 | 224 | ||
31 | 149 | 191 | ||
-537 | -378 | 103,5 | ||
aq | -523 | -380 | 158,6 | |
-532,6 | -342,7 | 169,9 | ||
L- | aq | -643,4 | -352,3 | 207,5 |
aq | -734,3 | 492,1 | 231,4 | |
- | aq | -596,2 | -472,4 | 171,5 |
L- | aq | -686 | -539 | 222 |
-2222 | -1545 | 360 | ||
D- | aq | -1263,8 | -917,0 | 269,5 |
D- | -1274,5 | -910,6 | 212,1 |
|
|
(∆HO., /)
∆cHO | ∆cHO | ||||
CH4 | -882 | 22 | -1305 | ||
3r | -770 | C2H5OH | -1371 | ||
3l | -687 | C2H5OC2H5 | -2727 | ||
3I | -815 | NH2CH2COOH | -981 | ||
CH3NH2 | -1071 | (3)2 | -1786 | ||
3 | -715 | 66 | -3273 | ||
CH2O | -561 | 612 | -3920 | ||
HCOOH | -263 | C6H5NH2 | -3396 | ||
CO(NH2)2 | -634 | C6H5NO2 | -3093 | ||
CHCl3 | -373 | 65 | -3064 | ||
I3 | -677 | -2810 | |||
26 | -1541 | -2827 | |||
C2H4 | -1387 | -876 |
4.
∆GO298, / | ∆GO298, / | ||
+ 34 | 14,8 | 61,86 | |
1,3- | 3- + 34 | 13,0 | 54,34 |
+ 34 | 12,0 | 51,83 | |
+ 34 | 10,3 | 43,05 | |
+ 34 | 10,3 | 43,05 | |
+ 34 | 7,3 | 30,51 | |
+ 34 | 6,6 | 27,59 | |
(427) | 2 34 | 6,6 | 27,59 |
- 1 - | + 34 | 5,0 | 20,90 |
-6- | + 34 | 3,8 | 15,88 |
-6- | + 34 | 3,3 | 13,79 |
+ 34 | 2,2 | 8,36 |
5.
φ0
( en +) = 1 /; t = 25
n+ / | φ0, | n+ / | φ0, | n+ / | φ0, |
Li+/Li | -3,04 | Al3+/Al | -1,66 | Fe3+/Fe | -0,04 |
Cs+/Cs | -3,02 | Mn2+/Mn | -1,18 | 2H+/H2 | 0,00 |
Rb+/Rb | -2,92 | Zn2+/Zn | -0,76 | Sn4+/Sn | +0,01 |
K+/K | -2,90 | Cr3+/Cr | -0,74 | Sb3+/Sb | +0,21 |
Ba2+/Ba | -2,89 | Fe2+/Fe | -0,44 | Bi3+/Bi | +0,23 |
Sr2+/Sr | -2,87 | Cd2+/Cd | -0,40 | Cu2+/Cu | +0,34 |
Ca2+/Ca | -2,79 | Co2+/Co | -0,28 | Cu+/Cu | +0,52 |
Na+/Na | -2,71 | Ni2+/Ni | -0,25 | Co3+/Co | +0,43 |
Mg2+/Mg | -2,38 | Sn2+/Sn | -0,14 | Ag+/Ag | +0,80 |
Be2+/Be | -1,85 | Pb2+/Pb | -0,13 | Hg2+/Hg | +0,85 |
6.
(φ0) -
- | φ0, | |